Phytonutrients in Huel

A phytonutrient is a substance that is found in certain plants, has been demonstrated to be beneficial to human health and may have a role in preventing various diseases. However, it isn’t classed as a nutrient. There are a number of naturally occurring phytonutrients in Huel that are present from the oats and flaxseed – which together make up over 60% of Huel – as well as some that we’ve added to Huel from natural sources because of their significant health benefits.

Many phytonutrients act as antioxidants or substances that inhibit oxidation, a naturally-occurring process involving the production of free-radicals in the body. While the production of free-radicals is inevitable as a byproduct of exercise and the aging process, we need to quash as many as possible before they have the potential to do damage. Free-radicals are associated with the disease process of heart disease, stroke, and some cancers as well as the signs of aging. Antioxidant nutrients we obtain from our food include vitamins C and E and the mineral selenium. There are a number of phytonutrients that also act as antioxidants so it’s vital that we include these in our nutrition to help protect against disease.

One group of antioxidant phytonutrients are the carotenoids, a class of over 750 yellow, orange and red pigments synthesized by plants, many of which have antioxidant activity or other health benefits.

Another important group of phytonutrients is phenolic compounds. There are a large number of phenolic compounds found in plant foods that act as antioxidants or benefit health in other ways. For example, oats contain nearly 10 times higher levels of free and conjugated phenolics than other grains.

The following are the main phytonutrients present in Huel:

Lycopene

Lycopene is thought to be the strongest antioxidant carotenoid^[1] and has been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and some cancers^[2]. The lycopene in Huel is naturally obtained from tomatoes and maize, and added as part of the customized micronutrient blend. It is responsible for the red flecks you sometimes see in Huel.

Lutein

Although not essential per se, there is concern that diets low in this carotenoid may lead to macular degeneration of the eye in the elderly, as lutein is involved in eye pigment development^[3,4]. Lutein is also an interesting antioxidant. A small amount of lutein in Huel is present from flaxseed, and we've also added additional natural lutein extracted from the Mexican marigold plant.

Zeaxanthin

Zeaxanthin is another carotenoid which is both an antioxidant and is involved in the prevention of macular degeneration^[4]. The zeaxanthin in Huel is provided as part of the addition of the natural lutein extract.

Ferulic acid

This phenolic compound in Huel has high antioxidant activity and is provided from the oats and flaxseed. It also acts as an antibacterial agent that has also been shown to have anti-cancer properties^[5].

Avenanthramides

These are phenolic alkaloids almost uniquely found in oats and, as oats are the largest ingredient in Huel, it is rich in avenanthramides. They have been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects^{[6, 7]}. There are over 20 distinct types of avenanthramides with the three most prevalent being aven-A, -B and -C. Aven-C has been shown to have the highest antioxidant capacity^{[8, 9]}, and it’s abundant in oats and therefore in Huel.

Lignans and lignan precursors

Lignans are phenolic antioxidants which are particularly prevalent in flaxseed and they are also present in oats. Lignan precursors are converted to active lignans by the bacteria in our intestines^[10]. The main lignans and lignan precursors found in Huel are secoisolariciresinol (flaxseed), pinoresinol (flaxseed, oats), lariciresinol (flaxseed, oats), matairesinol (flaxseed, oats) and hydroxymatairesinol (oats)^[11]. Intake of lignans from flaxseed has been associated with reduced cardiovascular disease risk^[12].

Tocols

Tocols are natural antioxidants and include terpenes, terpenoids, tocopherols, and tocotrienols some of which act as vitamin E, and all are strong antioxidants, although tocotrienols are the strongest^[13]. There is a significant amount of a number of tocols present in Huel.

Phytic acid

Too often we hear bad things about phytic acid as it can act as an antinutrient; i.e. it can reduce the bioavailability for some minerals, especially iron and zinc. However, phytic acid is a strong and effective antioxidant^[14]. Although we need iron in our diet, it behaves as a free radical, contributing to oxidative stress in the body, so phytic acid’s ability to sequester and trap iron is beneficial. Phytic acid can also bind heavy metals (e.g. cadmium and lead) and helps prevent their accumulation in the body. There is also evidence that it could be anticarcinogenic^[15].

Beta-glucans

Beta-glucans are a type of soluble fiber and are a structural component of the cell walls of oats. There is particular interest in these as they have been shown to positively lower blood cholesterol levels and therefore may help reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke^{[16, 17]}. Beta-glucans have also been shown to help lower the blood glucose response after a meal which improves insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism^{[18, 19, 20]}.

References

1. Di Mascio P, et al. Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1989; 274(2): 532-8.
2. Institute LP. Oregon State University α-Carotene, β-Carotene, β-Cryptoxanthin, Lycopene, Lutein, and Zeaxanthin. Date Accessed: 04/03/19. [Available from: https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/carotenoids]
3. Richer S, et al. Double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of lutein and antioxidant supplementation in the intervention of atrophic age-related macular degeneration: the Veterans LAST study (Lutein Antioxidant Supplementation Trial). Optometry. 2004; 75(4): 216-30.
4. Semba RD & Dagneilie G. Are lutein and zeaxanthin conditionally essential nutrients for eye health? Med Hypotheses. 2003; 61(4): 465-72.
5. Ibtissem B, Abdelly C & Sfar S. Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Mesembryanthemum Crystallinum and Carpobrotus Edulis Extracts. Adv Chem Eng Sci.. 2012; 2(3): 359-65.
6. Meydani, M. Potential health benefits of avenanthramides of oats. Nut Rev. 2009; 67(12): 731-5.
7. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). The phytonutrients in oats and their role in human health: A review of the evidence. Date Accessed: 09/06/19. [Available from: https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-10/pc-tpi093013.php]
8. Chu Y. Oats nutrition and technology (1st ed). 2014. Wiley Blackwell.
9. Pridal AA, et al. Analysis of avenanthramides in oat products and estimation of avenanthramide intake in humans. Food Chem. 2018; 253:93-100.
10. Institute LP. Oregon State University. Lignans. Date Accessed: 09/06/19. [Available from: https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/lignans]
11. Smeds AI, et al. Quantification of a Broad Spectrum of Lignans in Cereals, Oilseeds, and Nuts. J Agric Food Chem. 2007; 55(4): 1337-46.
12. Vanharanta M, et al. Risk of cardiovascular disease-related and all-cause death according to serum concentrations of enterolactone: Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 12; 163(9): 1099-104.
13. Packer L, et al. Molecular aspects of alpha-tocotrienol antioxidant action and cell signalling. J Nutr. 2001; 131(2): 369S-73S.
14. Graf E & Eaton J. Antioxidant functions of phytic acid. Free Radic Biol Med. 1990; 8(1): 61-9.
15. Shamsuddin AM. Anti-cancer function of phytic acid. Int J Food Sci & Tech. 2002; 37(7): 769-82.
16. Keogh, GF, et al. Randomized controlled crossover study of the effect of a highly beta-glucan-enriched barley on cardiovascular disease risk factors in mildly hypercholesterolemic men. Am J Clin Nut. 2003; 78 (4): 711-8.
17. Tiwari U & Cummins E. Meta-analysis of the effect of β-glucan intake on blood cholesterol and glucose levels. Nutr. 2011; 27(10): 1008-16.
18. Wood PJ. Evaluation of oat bran as a soluble fibre source. Characterization of oat β-glucan and its effects on glycaemic response. Carb Polymers. 1994; 25(4): 331-6.
19. Mälkki Y & Virtanen E. Gastrointestinal Effects of Oat Bran and Oat Gum: A Review. LWT – Food Sci & Tech. 2001; 34(6): 337-47.
20. Daou C & Zhang H. Oat Beta-Glucan: Its Role in Health Promotion and Prevention of Diseases. Comp Rev Food Sci & Food Safety. 2012; 11(4): 355-65.